Videophone | Wikipedia audio article

Videotelephony. Comprises the technologies for the reception and transmission of audio-video, signals by users. At different locations for communication between people in real-time, A videophone is a telephone with a video display capable of simultaneous video and audio, communication between people. In real-time Videoconferencing. Implies the use of this technology for a group or organizational meeting, rather than for individuals in a videoconference? Telepresence may refer either to a high-quality videotelephony system, where the goal is to create the illusion that remote participants are in the same room or to meetup technology, which goes beyond video into robotics, such as moving around the room or physically manipulating objects. Videoconferencing has also been called visual collaboration and is a type of groupware At the dawn of its commercial deployment from the 1950s through the 1990s videotelephony also included image phones, which would exchange still images between units every few seconds over conventional POTS, type telephone lines, essentially the same as slow scan TV systems, The development of advanced video, codecs, more powerful CPUs and high bandwidth Internet telecommunication services in the late 1990s allowed videophones to provide high-quality low-cost color service between users, almost anyplace in the world that the Internet is available. Although not as widely used in everyday communications as audio-only and text communication, useful applications include sign language transmission for deaf and speech-impaired people, distance education, telemedicine, and overcoming mobility issues. It is also used in commercial and corporate settings to facilitate meetings and conferences. Typically, between parties that already have established relationships, News, and media organizations have begun to use desktop technologies like Skype to provide higher quality audio than the phone network and video links at a much lower cost than sending professional equipment or using a professional studio. More popular videotelephony technologies use the Internet rather than the traditional landline phone network, even accounting for modern digital packetized phone network protocols, and even though videotelephony software commonly runs on smartphones History. The concept of videotelephony was first conceived in the late 1870s in both the United States and Europe. Although the basic sciences to permit its very earliest trials would take nearly a half-century to be discovered, This was first embodied in the device which came to be known as the video telephone or videophone, and it evolved from intensive research and experimentation in several telecommunication fields, Notably, electrical telegraphy telephony, the radio, and television, Simple analog videophone communication could be established as early as the invention of the television. Such an antecedent usually consisted of two closed-circuit television systems connected via coax cable or radio. An example of that was the German Reich, Postzentralamt post office, and video telephone network serving Berlin and several German cities via coaxial cables between 1936 and 1940. The development of video technology started in the latter half of the 1920s in the United Kingdom and the United States, spurred notably by John Logie Baird, and ATT’s Bell Labs. This occurred in part, at least with AT-T, to serve as an adjunct. Supplementing the use of the telephone, Several organizations believed that videotelephony would be superior to plain voice communications. However, video technology was to be deployed in analog television broadcasting long before it could become practical or popular for videophones. During the first manned space flights, NASA used two radio frequencies, UHF or VHF video links, one in each direction. Tv channels routinely use this type of videotelephony. When reporting from distant locations. The news media were to become regular users of mobile links to satellites using specially equipped trucks and much later, via special satellite videophones in a briefcase. This technique was very expensive, though, and could not be used for applications such as telemedicine, distance, education, and business meetings. Attempts at using normal telephony networks to transmit slow-scan video such as the first systems developed by AT T Corporation first researched in the 1950s, failed, mostly due to the poor picture quality and the lack of efficient video compression techniques, The greater 1 MHz bandwidth and 6 Mbit s bit rate of the AT T Picturephone in the 1970s, also did not achieve commercial success, mostly due to its high cost, but also due to a lack of network effect. With only a few hundred Picturephones in the world, users had extremely few contacts. They could call to, and interoperability with, other videophone systems would not exist for decades. Videotelephony developed in parallel with conventional voice telephone systems. From the mid to late 20th century Very expensive videoconferencing systems rapidly evolved throughout the 1980s and 1990s from proprietary equipment, software, and network requirements to standards-based technologies that were available for anyone to purchase at a reasonable cost. Only in the late 20th century. With the advent of powerful video codecs combined with high-speed Internet broadband and ISDN service did videotelephony become a practical technology for regular use. In the 1980s digital telephony transmission networks became possible, such as with ISDN networks assuring a minimum bit rate, usually 128 kilobits s for compressed video and audio transmission. During this time there was also research into other forms of digital video and audio communication. Many of these technologies, such as the Media space, are not as widely used today as videoconferencing but were still an important area of research. The first dedicated systems started to appear as ISDN networks were expanding throughout the world. One of the first commercial videoconferencing systems sold to companies came from PictureTel Corp, which had an Initial Public Offering in November 1984. In 1984 Concept. Communication in the United States replaced the then 100 pound US 100 000 computers necessary for teleconferencing, with a 12 000 circuit board. That doubled the video frame rate from 15 up to 30 frames per second and reduced the equipment to the size of a circuit board fitting into standard personal computers. The company also secured a patent for a codec for full motion. Videoconferencing was first demonstrated at AT T Bell Labs in 1986 Videoconferencing systems throughout the 1990s, rapidly evolved from very expensive proprietary equipment, software, and network requirements to a standards-based technology readily available to the general public at a reasonable cost. Finally, in the 1990s Internet Protocol-based videoconferencing became possible, and more efficient video compression technologies were developed, permitting desktop or personal computer PC-based videoconferencing. In 1992, CU SeeMe was developed at Cornell by Tim Dorcey et al. In 1995, the first public videoconference between North America and Africa took place linking a techno fair in San Francisco with a techno rave and cyber deli in Cape Town. At the 1998 Winter Olympics opening ceremony in Nagano Japan, Seiji Ozawa conducted the Ode to Joy from Beethoven.’s. Ninth Symphony simultaneously across five continents in near real-time, While videoconferencing technology was initially used primarily within internal corporate communication networks. One of the first community service usages of the technology started in 1992 through a unique partnership with PictureTel and IBM Corporations which, at the time, were promoting a jointly developed, desktop-based videoconferencing, product known as the PCS 1 Over the next 15 years. Project DIANE, Diversified Information, and Assistance Network grew to utilize, a variety of videoconferencing, platforms to create a multi-state, cooperative public service and distance education network consisting of several hundred schools, libraries, science, museums, zoos and parks, and many other community-oriented organizations In the 2000s videotelephony was Popularized via free Internet services such as Skype and iChat web plugins, and on line telecommunication programs that promoted low cost, albeit lower quality videoconferencing to virtually every location with an Internet connection With the rapid improvements and popularity of the Internet. Videotelephony has become widespread through the deployment of video, enabled mobile phones, plus videoconferencing and computer webcams, which utilize Internet telephony In the upper echelons of government, business, and commerce telepresence technology. An advanced form of videoconferencing has helped reduce the need to travel In May 2005. The first high-definition, video conferencing systems produced by LifeSize Communications, were displayed at the Interop trade show in Las Vegas Nevada, able to provide video at 30 frames per second, with 1280 by 720 display resolution, Polycom introduced its first high-definition, video conferencing system to the Market in 2006, As of the 2010s high definition, resolution for videoconferencing became a popular feature with most major suppliers in the videoconferencing market, offering it Technological developments by videoconferencing, developers in the 2010s have extended the capabilities of video conferencing systems beyond the boardroom for use with hand-held mobile devices that combine the use of video audio and on-screen drawing capabilities broadcasting in real time over secure networks, independent of location, Mobile collaboration systems now allow people in previously unreachable locations such as workers on an offshore. Oil rigs can view and discuss issues with colleagues thousands of miles away. Traditional videoconferencing system manufacturers have begun providing mobile applications as well, such as those that allow for life and still image streaming. The highest ever. Video call other than those from aircraft and spacecraft took place on May 19. 2013, when British adventurer Daniel Hughes used a smartphone with a BGAN satellite modem to make a video call to the BBC from the summit of Mount Everest at 8, 848 meters 29, 029 ft above sea level. Major categories Videotelephony can be categorized by its functionality. That is to its intended purpose and also by its method of transmission. Videophones were the earliest form of videotelephony dating back to initial tests in 1927. By AT T, During the late 1930s, the post offices of several European governments established public videophone services for a person to personal, communications, utilizing, dual cable circuit telephone transmission technology In the present day, standalone, videophones and UMTS video-enabled mobile phones are usually used on a person to person basis Videoconferencing saw its earliest use with AT T’s. Picturephone service in the early 1970s Transmissions was analog over short distances but converted to digital forms for longer calls again using telephone transmission technology. Popular corporate video conferencing systems in the present day have migrated almost exclusively to digital, ISDN, and IP transmission modes, due to the need to convey the very large amounts of data generated by their cameras and microphones. These systems are often intended for use in conference mode. That is by many people in several different locations, all of whom can be viewed by every participant at each location. Telepresence systems are a newer, more advanced subset of videoconferencing. Systems are meant to allow higher degrees of video and audio fidelity. Such high-end systems are typically deployed in corporate settings. Mobile collaboration systems are another recent development, combining the use of video audio and on-screen. Drawing capabilities using the newest generation hand-held electronic devices broadcasting over secure networks enabling multi-party conferencing in real-time, independent of location. A more recent technology encompassing these functions is the TV. Cams TV cams enable people to make video phone calls using video calling services like Skype on their TV without using a PC connection. Tv cams are specially designed video cameras that feed images in real-time to another TV camera or other compatible computing devices like smartphones tablets and computers. Webcams are popular, relatively low-cost devices that can provide live, video, and audio streams via personal computers and can be used with many software clients, for both video calls and videoconferencing. Each of the systems has its advantages and disadvantages, including video quality capital, cost degrees of sophistication, transmission capacity requirements and cost of use, Categories by cost and quality of service From the least to the most expensive systems. The web camera, videophone, and videoconferencing systems are either stand-alone or built-in services, as complements to personal computers connected to other participants by computer and VoIP networks at, the lowest direct cost, assuming the users already possess computers at their respective locations. Quality of service can range from low to very high, including high definition. Video available on the latest model. Webcams, A related and similar device is a TV camera which is usually small, sits on top of a TV and can connect to it via its HDMI port, similar to how a webcam attaches to a computer via a USB port Videophones low to midrange cost The earliest Standalone models operated over either plain POTS, telephone lines on the PSTN telephone networks or more expensive ISDN lines, while newer models have largely migrated to Internet protocol line service for higher image resolutions and sound quality Quality of service for standalone videophones can vary from low to high Videoconferencing systems, midrange cost, usually utilizing multipoint control units or other bridging services to allow multiple parties on a videoconference calls Quality of service can vary from moderate to high Telepresence systems, highest capabilities and highest cost Full high end systems can involve specially built teleconference rooms to allow Expansive views with very high levels of audio and video fidelity to permit an’immersive’videoconference When the proper type and capacity transmission lines are provided between facilities. The quality of service reaches state-of-the-art levels and Security concerns. Computer security experts have shown that poorly configured or inadequately supervised videoconferencing systems can permit easy virtual entry by computer hackers and criminals into company premises and corporate boardrooms via their videoconferencing systems. Adoption For over a century futurists have envisioned a future where telephone conversations will take place as actual face-to-face encounters with video as well as audio. Sometimes it is simply not possible or practical to have face-to-face meetings with two or more people. Sometimes a telephone conversation or conference call is adequate Other times email exchanges are adequate. However, videoconferencing adds another possible alternative and can be considered when A live conversation is needed. Nonverbal visual information is an important component of the conversation. The parties of the conversation can’t physically come to the same location, The expense or time of travel is a consideration. Observers argue that three outstanding issues have prevented videoconferencing from becoming a widely adopted form of communication. Despite the ubiquity of videoconferencing and capable systems, Eye contact, and Eye contact plays a large role in conversational turn, taking perceived attention and intent, and other aspects of group communication. While traditional telephone conversations give no eye contact, cues many videoconferencing systems are arguably worse in that they provide an incorrect impression that the remote interlocutor is avoiding eye contact. Some telepresence systems have cameras located on the screens that reduce the amount of parallax observed by the users. This issue is also being addressed through research that generates a synthetic image with eye contact using stereo reconstruction, Telcordia Technologies. Formerly Bell Communications Research owns a patent for eye-to-eye videoconferencing using rear projection screens with the video camera behind it evolved from the 1960s. U S! Military system that provided videoconferencing, services between the White House and various other government and military facilities, This technique eliminates the need for special cameras or image processing Appearance consciousness. A second psychological problem with videoconferencing is being on camera, with the video stream, possibly even being recorded. The burden of presenting an acceptable on-screen appearance is not present in audio-only communication, Early studies by Alphonse Chapanis found that the addition of video impaired communication, possibly because of the consciousness of being on camera, Signal latency The information transport of digital signals. Many steps need time In a telecommunicated conversation, an increased latency time lag is larger than about 150 300. Ms becomes noticeable and is soon observed as unnatural and distracting. Therefore, next to a stable, large bandwidth, a small total round trip time is another major technical requirement for the communication channel for interactive videoconferencing, Bandwidth, and quality of service. In some countries, it is difficult or expensive to get a high-quality connection. That is fast enough for good quality. Video conferencing Technologies such as ADSL, have limited upload speeds and cannot upload and download simultaneously at full speed As Internet speeds, increase, higher quality, and high definition. Video conferencing will become more readily available Complexity of systems. Most users are not technical and want a simple interface In hardware systems. An unplugged cord or a dead battery in a remote control is seen as a failure contributing to perceived unreliability. Successful systems are backed by support teams who can proactively support and provide fast assistance when required, Perceived lack of interoperability. Not all systems can readily interconnect. For example, ISDN and IP systems require a gateway. Popular software solutions cannot easily connect to hardware systems. Some systems use different standards, features, and qualities which can require additional configuration when connecting to dissimilar systems. Free software systems circumvent this limitation by making it relatively easy for a single user to communicate over multiple incompatible platforms. The expense of commercially systems well-designed telepresence systems require specially designed rooms which can cost hundreds of thousands of dollars to fit out their rooms with codec integration equipment such as Multipoint Control Units, high fidelity, sound systems, and furniture. Monthly charges may also be required for bridging services and high-capacity broadband service. These are some of the reasons. Many systems are often used for internal corporate use only as they are less likely to result in lost sales. One alternative to companies lacking dedicated facilities is the rental of videoconferencing, equipped, meeting rooms in cities around the world. Clients can book rooms and turn up for the meeting with all technical aspects being prearranged and support being readily available if needed. The issue of eye contact may be solved with advancing technology, including smartphones, which have the screen and camera in essentially the same place. The ubiquity of smartphones tablets, computers, and computers with built-in audio and webcams in developed countries, obviates the need to buy expensive hardware, Technology Components, and types. The core technology used in a videotelephony system is the digital compression of audio and video streams. In real-time. The hardware or software that performs compression is called a codec coder-decoder. Compression rates of up to 1 500 can be achieved. The resulting digital stream of 1s and 0s is subdivided into labeled packets, which are then transmitted through a digital network of some kind, usually ISDN or IP. The other components required for a videoconferencing system include Video input, PTZ 360 Fisheye, video camera, or webcam Video output. Computer monitor television or projector Audio input, microphones, CD, DVD player, cassette player or any other source of PreAmp audio outlet, Audio output, usually loudspeakers associated with the display device or telephone Data transfer, analog or digital telephone network LAN or Internet Computer. A data processing unit that ties together the other components, does the compressing and decompressing, and initiates and maintains the data linkage via the network. There are two kinds of videoconferencing and videophone systems. Dedicated systems have all required components packaged into a single piece of equipment, usually a console with a high-quality, remote-controlled video camera. These cameras can be controlled at a distance to the pan, left and right tilt up and down, and zoom. They became known as PTZ cameras. The console contains all electrical interfaces: the control computer and the software or hardware-based codec Omnidirectional microphones are connected to the console, as well as a TV monitor with loudspeakers and or a video projector. There are several types of dedicated videoconferencing devices. Large group videoconferencing is built in large, expensive devices used for large rooms, such as conference rooms and auditoriums. Small group videoconferencing is either nonportable or portable, smaller, less expensive devices used for small meeting rooms. Individual videoconferencing are usually portable devices meant for single users and have fixed cameras, microphones, and loudspeakers integrated into the console. Desktop systems are added, on hardware boards or software codecs to normal PCs and laptops, transforming them into videoconferencing. Devices A range of different cameras and microphones can be used with the codec, which contains the necessary codec and transmission interfaces. Most of the desktop systems work with the H 323 standard. Webrtc Platforms are video conferencing solutions that are not resident by using a software application but are available through the standard web. Browser Solutions such as Adobe Connect and Cisco WebEx can be accessed by going to a URL sent by the meeting. Organizers and various degrees of security can be attached to the virtual room. Often the user will be required to download a piece of software called an Add-In to enable the browser to access the local camera microphone and establish a connection to the meeting WebRTC technology. Doesn’t require any software or Add On installation. Instead, a WebRTC-compliant internet browser itself acts as a client to facilitate 1 to-1 and 1. To many videoconferencing calls, Several enhanced. Flavors of WebRTC technology are being provided by Third Party vendors via Videoconferencing modes.

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Videoconferencing systems use two methods to determine which video feed or feeds to display Continuous Presence simply displays all participants at the same time, usually with the exception that the viewer either does not see their feed or sees their feed in miniature Voice. Activated Switch selectively chooses a feed to display at each endpoint, to show the person who is currently speaking. This is done by choosing the feed other than the viewer, which has the loudest audio input, perhaps with some filtering, to avoid switching to a very short-lived volume. Spikes, Often if no remote parties are currently speaking, the feed with the last speaker remains on the screen. Echo cancellation, Acoustic, echo cancellation, AEC is a processing algorithm that uses the knowledge of audio output to monitor audio input and filter from it, noises that echo back after some time delay. If unattended, these echoes can be re-amplified several times leading to problems, including The remote party hearing, their voice, coming back at them usually significantly delayed Strong reverberation, which makes the voice channel useless Howling created by feedbackEcho cancellation, is a processor-intensive task that usually works Over a narrow range of sound delays, Bandwidth requirements, Videophones have historically employed a variety of transmission and reception bandwidths, which can be understood as data transmission speeds, The lower the transmission-reception bandwidth, the lower the data transfer rate, resulting in a progressively limited and poorer image. Quality Data transfer rates and live video image quality are related but are also subject to other factors, such as data compression techniques, Some early videophones employed very low data transmission rates resulting in poor video quality. Broadband bandwidth is often called high speed because it usually has a high rate of data transmission In general. Any connection of 256 kbit s, 0, 256 Mbit s or greater, is more concise. Considered broadband Internet, The International Telecommunication Union Standardization Sector, ITU T recommendation. I 113 has defined broadband as a transmission capacity at 1, 5 to 2 Mbit s, The United States Federal Communications. The commission definition of broadband is 25 Mbits. Currently, adequate video for some purposes becomes possible at data rates lower than the ITU T, broadband definition with rates of 768 kbit s and 384 kbit s used for some video conferencing applications and rates as low as 100 kbit per second used for videophones using H, 264 Mpeg 4 AVC compression protocols, The newer MPEG 4 video and audio compression format can deliver high-quality video at 2 Mbit s, which is at the low end of the cable, modem, and ADSL broadband performance Standards. The International Telecommunications Union ITU has three umbrellas of standards for videoconferencing. Itu H 320 is known as the standard for public switched telephone networks, PSTN or videoconferencing over integrated services, digital networks, While still prevalent in Europe ISDN, was never widely adopted in the United States and Canada. Itu H, 264 Scalable Video Coding SVC is a compression standard that enables videoconferencing systems to achieve highly error-resilient Internet Protocol, IP video transmissions over the public Internet without the quality of service-enhanced lines. This standard has enabled the wide-scale deployment of high-definition, desktop videoconferencing and made possible new architectures, which reduce latency between the transmitting sources and receivers, resulting in more fluid communication without pauses. In addition, an attractive factor for IP videoconferencing is that it is easier to set up for use along with web conferencing and data collaboration. These combined technologies enable users to have a richer multimedia environment for live meetings, collaboration, and presentations, ITU V 80. Videoconferencing is generally compatibilized, with H 324 standard point-to-point videotelephony over regular, plain old telephone service POTS phone lines, The Unified Communications Interoperability Forum, UCIF, a nonprofit alliance between communications vendors launched in May 2010. The organization’s vision is to maximize the interoperability of UC based on existing standards. Founding members of UCIF include HP, Microsoft, Polycom, Logitech, LifeSize Communications, and Juniper Networks Call setup. Videoconferencing in the late 20th century was limited to the H 323 protocol, notably Cisco’s. Sccp implementation was an exception, but newer videophones often use SIP, which is often easier to set up in home networking environments. It is a text-based protocol incorporating many elements of the Hypertext Transfer Protocol HTTP and the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol. Smtp H, 323 is still used, but more commonly for business videoconferencing, while SIP is more commonly used in personal consumer videophones. Several call setup methods based on instant messaging protocols such as Skype also now provide video. Another protocol used by videophones is H, 324, which mixes call setup and video compression Videophones that work on regular phone lines typically use H 324. But the bandwidth is limited by the modem to around 33 kbit s. Limiting the video quality and frame rate, A slightly modified version of H, 324 called 3G 324M defined by 3GPP, is also used by some cellphones that allow video calls typically for use only in UMTS networks. There is also H 320 standard which specified technical requirements for narrow-band visual telephone systems and terminal equipment, typically for videoconferencing and videophone services. It applied mostly to dedicated circuit based switched network point-to-point connections of moderate or high bandwidth, such as through the medium bandwidth, ISDN digital phone protocol, or fractionated high bandwidth T1 lines. Modern products based on H, 320 standards usually support also H, 323 standards. The IAX2 protocol also supports videophone calls natively using the protocol’s capabilities to transport, alternate media streams. A few hobbyists obtained the Nortel 1535 Color SIP Videophone cheaply in 2010, as surplus after Nortel’s bankruptcy, and deployed the sets on the Asterisk PBX platform. While additional software is required to patch together, multiple videos feeds for conference calls or convert between dissimilar video standards, SIP calls between two identical handsets within the same PBX were relatively straightforward Conferencing layers. The components within a videoconferencing system can be divided up into several different layers: User Interface, Conference Control, Control or Signaling, Plane, and Media Plane. Videoconferencing, User Interfaces VUI can be either graphical or voice. Responsive. Many in the industry have encountered both types of interfaces, and normally graphical interfaces are encountered. Computer User interfaces for conferencing have several different uses. They can be used for scheduling, setup, and making a video call Through the user interface. The administrator can control the other three layers of the system. Conference Control, performs resource allocation management and routing This layer, along with the User Interface, creates meetings scheduled or unscheduled or adds and removes participants from a conference Control. The signaling Plane contains the stacks that signal different endpoints to create a call and or a conference Signals can be, but aren’t limited to H, 323, and Session Initiation Protocol SIP Protocols. These signals control incoming and outgoing connections as well as session parameters. The Media Plane controls the audio and video mixing and streaming. This layer manages Real Time: Transport Protocols, User Datagram, Packets, UDP, and Real Time. Transport Control Protocol RTCP The RTP and UDP normally carry information such as the payload type, which is the type of codec frame rate video size, and many others. TCP, on the other hand, acts as a quality control Protocol for detecting errors during streaming. Multipoint videoconferencing, Simultaneous videoconferencing among three or more remote points is possible in a hardware-based system using a Multipoint Control Unit MCU. This is a bridge that interconnects calls from several sources in a similar way to the audio conference. Call All parties call the MCU or the MCU can also call the parties which are going to participate in sequence. There are MCU bridges for IP and ISDN-based videoconferencing. There are MCUs which are pure software and others, which are a combination of hardware and software. An MCU is characterized according to the number of simultaneous calls it can handle its ability to conduct transposing of data rates and protocols and features such as Continuous Presence in which multiple parties can be seen on screen at once. Mcus can be stand-alone, hardware devices or they can be embedded into dedicated videoconferencing units. The MCU consists of two logical components: A single multipoint controller, MC, and Multipoint Processors, MP, sometimes referred to as the mixer. The MC controls the conferencing while it is active on the signaling plane, which is simply where the system manages conferencing creation, endpoint, signaling, and in conferencing controls. This component negotiates parameters with every endpoint in the network and controls conferencing resources, While the MC controls, resources, and signaling negotiations, the MP operates on the media plane and receives media from each endpoint. The MP generates output streams from each endpoint and redirects the information to other endpoints in the conference. Some systems are capable of multipoint conferencing with no MCU stand-alone, embedded, or otherwise. These use the standards-based H, 323 technique, known as decentralized multipoint, where each station in a multipoint call exchange, video, and audio directly with the other stations with no central manager or another bottleneck. The advantages of this technique are that the video and audio will generally be of higher quality because they don’t have to be relayed through a central point. Also, users can make ad hoc multipoint calls without any concern for the availability or control of an MCU. This added convenience and quality comes at the expense of some increased network bandwidth because every station must transmit to every other station directly Cloud-based video conferencing Cloud-based. Video conferencing can be used without the hardware generally required by other video conferencing systems and can be designed for use by SMEs or larger international or multinational corporations like Facebook Cloud-based systems can handle either 2D or 3D. Video broadcasting Cloud-based systems can also implement mobile calls, VOIP, and other forms of video calling. They can also come with a video recording function to archive past meetings, Impact High speed. Internet connectivity has become more widely available at a reasonable cost and the cost of video capture and display technology has decreased. Consequently, personal videoconferencing systems based on a webcam personal computer system, software compression, and broadband Internet connectivity have become progressively more affordable to the general public. Also, the hardware used for this technology has continued to improve in quality and prices have dropped dramatically. The availability of freeware, often as part of chat programs, has made software based videoconferencing accessible to many. The widest deployment of video telephony now occurs in mobile phones. Nearly all mobile phones supporting UMTS networks can work as videophones using their internal cameras and can make video calls wirelessly to other UMTS users in the same country or internationally. As of the second quarter of 2007, there are over 131 million UMTS users and hence potential videophone users on 134 networks in 59 countries. Mobile phones can also use broadband wireless Internet, whether through the cell phone network or over a local wifi connection, along with software-based videophone apps, to make calls to any video-capable Internet user. Whether mobile or fixed, Deaf, hard of hearing, and mute individuals have a particular role in the development of affordable, high-quality videotelephony as a means of communicating with each other in sign language. Unlike Video Relay Service, which is intended to support communication between a caller using sign language and another party using spoken language, videoconferencing can be used directly between two deaf signers Videophones are increasingly used in the provision of telemedicine to the elderly disabled and to those in remote Locations where the ease and convenience of quickly obtaining diagnostic and consultative medical services are readily apparent In one single instance, quoted in 2006, A nurse-led clinic at Letham has received positive feedback on a trial of a video link which allowed 60 pensioners to be assessed by Medics without traveling to a doctor,’s, office or medical clinic, A further improvement in telemedical services has been the development of new technology incorporated into special videophones to permit remote diagnostic services, such as blood sugar level, blood pressure, and vital signs. Monitoring Such units are capable of relaying both regular audio-video plus medical data over either standard POTS, telephone, or newer broadband lines. Videotelephony has also been deployed in corporate teleconferencing, also available through the use of public access. Videoconferencing rooms, A higher level of videoconferencing that employs advanced telecommunication technologies and high-resolution displays is called telepresence Today. The principles, if not the precise mechanisms of a videophone are employed by many users worldwide in the form of webcam videocalls, using personal computers with inexpensive, webcams, microphones, and free video calling Web client programs. Thus, an activity that was disappointing as a separate service has found a niche as a minor feature in software products intended for other purposes. According to Juniper Research, smartphone videophone users will reach 29 million by 2015 globally. A study conducted by Pew Research in 2010 revealed that 7 Americans have made a mobile video call Impact on government and law In the United States. Videoconferencing has allowed testimony to be used for an individual who is unable or prefers not to attend the physical legal settings or would be subjected to severe psychological stress in doing so. However, there is a controversy regarding the use of testimony by foreign or unavailable witnesses via video transmission regarding the violation of the Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment. U S: Constitution In a military investigation in North Carolina Afghan witnesses have testified via videoconferencing. In Hall, County Georgia. Videoconferencing systems are used for initial court appearances, The systems link jails with courtrooms, reducing the expenses and security risks of transporting prisoners to the courtroom. The? U S Social Security Administration SSA, which oversees the world’s largest administrative judicial system under its Office of Disability, Adjudication, and Review. Odar has made extensive use of videoconferencing to conduct hearings at remote locations In the Fiscal Year. Fy 2009 – the? U S Social Security Administration SSA conducted 86 320 videoconferenced hearings, a 55 increase over FY 2008 In August 2010, the SSA opened its fifth and largest videoconferencing. Only National Hearing Center NHC in St Louis Missouri. This continues the SSA’s, effort to use video hearings as a means to clear its substantial hearing backlog Since 2007. The SSA has also established NHCs in Albuquerque New Mexico, Baltimore Maryland, Falls, Church, Virginia, and Chicago Impact on Education. Videoconferencing provides students with the opportunity to learn by participating in two-way, communication forums. Furthermore, teachers and lecturers worldwide can be brought to remote or otherwise isolated educational facilities, Students from diverse communities and backgrounds can come together to learn about one another through practices known as telecollaboration. In foreign, language, education, and virtual exchange, although language barriers will continue to be present, Such students can explore, communicate analyze and share information and ideas. Through videoconferencing, students can visit other parts of the world to speak with their peers, as well as visit museums and other cultural and educational facilities. Such virtual field trips can provide enriched learning opportunities to students, especially those in geographically isolated locations and to the economically disadvantaged. Small schools can use these technologies to pool resources and provide courses such as in foreign languages, which could not otherwise be offered. A few examples of benefits that videoconferencing can provide in campus environments include faculty members keeping in touch with classes while attending conferences, faculty members attending conferences, and 39, virtual guest lecturers bringing in classes from other institutions. Researchers collaborate with colleagues at other institutions regularly. Without loss of time due to travel schools with multiple campuses, collaborating and sharing professors, schools from two separate nations engaging in cross-cultural exchanges, faculty members participating in thesis defenses at other institutions, administrators on tight schedules, collaborating on budget preparation from different parts of a campus faculty committee. Auditioning scholarship candidates, and researchers, answering questions about grant proposals from agencies or review committees, student interviews with employers in other cities, and teleseminars’ Impact on medicine and health. Videoconferencing is a highly useful technology for real-time telemedicine and telenursing applications such as diagnosis, consulting transmission of medical images, etc. With videoconferencing, patients may contact nurses and physicians in emergency or routine situations. Physicians and other paramedical professionals can discuss cases across large distances. Rural areas can use this technology for diagnostic purposes, thus saving lives and making more efficient use of health care money. For example, a rural medical center in Ohio used videoconferencing to successfully cut the number of transfers of sick infants to a hospital 70 miles 110 km away. This had previously cost nearly 10 000 per transfer Special peripherals, such as microscopes fitted with digital cameras, video endoscopes medical ultrasound, imaging devices, otoscopes, etc, can be used in conjunction with videoconferencing, equipment to transmit data about a patient. Recent developments in mobile collaboration on handheld mobile devices have also extended video conferencing capabilities to locations previously unreachable, such as a remote community, long-term care facility, or a patient’s home Impact on business. Videoconferencing can enable individuals in distant locations to participate in meetings on short notice with time and money savings Technology such as VoIP can be used in conjunction with desktop videoconferencing, to enable low-cost face-to-face business meetings without leaving the desk, especially for businesses with widespread Offices, The technology is also used for telecommuting, in which employees work from home. One research report, based on a sampling of 1 800 corporate employees, showed that, as of June 2010, 54 of the respondents with access to video conferencing used it all of the time or frequently Intel Corporation have used videoconferencing to reduce both costs and environmental impacts of its Business operations – Videoconferencing is also currently being introduced on online networking websites to help businesses form profitable relationships quickly and efficiently, without leaving their place of work. This has been leveraged by banks to connect busy banking professionals with customers in various locations using video banking technology. Videoconferencing on handheld mobile devices, mobile collaboration technology is being used in industries such as manufacturing, energy, healthcare, insurance government, and public safety. Live visual interaction removes traditional restrictions of distance and time, often in locations previously unreachable, such as a manufacturing plant floor. Thousands of miles away In the increasingly globalized film industry, videoconferencing has become useful as a method by which creative talent in many different locations can collaborate closely on the complex details of film production, For example, for the 2013 award winning animated film Frozen Burbank based Walt Disney Animation Studios hired the New York City based husband and wife, songwriting team of Robert Lopez and Kristen Anderson Lopez to write the songs which required two hour long transcontinental videoconferences, nearly every weekday for about 14 months With the development of lower cost endpoints cloud based infrastructure and Technology trends such as WebRTC Video Conferencing is moving from just a business to business, offering to a business to business and business to consumer, offering, Although videoconferencing has frequently proven its value, research has shown that some non managerial employees prefer not to use it due to several Factors including anxiety, Some such anxieties can be avoided if managers use the technology as part of the normal course of business. Remote workers can also adopt certain behaviors and best practices to stay connected with their co-workers and the company. Researchers also find that attendees of business and medical videoconferences must work harder to interpret information delivered during a conference than they would if they attended face-to-face. They recommend that those coordinating videoconferences make adjustments to their conferencing procedures and equipment Impact on media relations. The concept of press videoconferencing was developed in October 2007 by the PanAfrican Press Association APPA, a Paris France-based non-governmental organization to allow African journalists to participate in international press conferences on developmental and good governance issues. Press videoconferencing permits international press conferences via videoconferencing. Over the Internet, Journalists can participate in an international press conference from any location without leaving their offices or countries. They need only be seated by a computer connected to the Internet. To ask questions to the speaker. In 2004, the International Monetary Fund introduced the Online Media Briefing Center, a password-protected site available only to professional journalists. The site enables the IMF to present press briefings globally and facilitates direct questions to briefers from the press. The site has been copied by other international organizations since its inception, More than 4 000 journalists worldwide are currently registered with the IMF Use in sign language communications. One of the first demonstrations of the ability of telecommunications to help sign language users communicate with each other occurred when ATT’s videophone was trademarked. As the Picturephone was introduced to the public. At the 1964 New York World, Fair, two deaf users were able to communicate freely with each other between the fair and another city, Various universities, and other organizations, including British Telecoms. Martlesham facility has also conducted extensive research on signing via videotelephony. The use of sign language via videotelephony was hampered for many years due to the difficulty of its use over slow analog copper phone lines, coupled with the high cost of better quality ISDN data phone lines. Those factors largely disappeared with the introduction of more efficient and powerful video codecs and the advent of lower cost high speed, ISDN data, and IP Internet services. In the 1990s 21st century improvements, Significant improvements in video call quality of service for the deaf occurred in the United States in 2003, when Sorenson Media Inc, formerly Sorenson Vision, Inc. A video compression software coding company developed its VP 100 model stand-alone, videophone, specifically for the deaf community. It was designed to output its video to the user’s television to lower the cost of acquisition and to offer remote control and a powerful video compression codec for unequaled video quality and ease of use with video relay services. Favorable reviews quickly led to its popular usage at educational facilities, for the deaf and from there to the greater deaf community, Coupled with similar high-quality videophones introduced by other electronics manufacturers. The availability of high-speed Internet and sponsored video relay services authorized by the? U? S Federal Communications, Commission in 2002, VRS services for the deaf underwent rapid growth in that country Present day usage Using such video equipment in the present day, the deaf hard of hearing, and speech impaired can communicate between themselves and with hearing individuals using sign language. The United States and several other countries compensate companies to provide Video Relay Services. Vrs Telecommunication equipment can be used to talk to others via a sign language interpreter who uses a conventional telephone at the same time to communicate with the deaf person.’s party Video equipment is also used to do on-site, sign language translation via Video, Remote Interpreting, VRI, The relatively low cost and widespread availability of 3G mobile phone technology with video calling capabilities have given deaf and speech impaired users, a greater ability to communicate with The same ease as others, Some wireless operators have even started free sign language gateways, Sign language interpretation services via VRS or by VRI are useful in the present day where one of the parties is deaf hard of hearing or speech impaired, mute In such cases. The interpretation flow is normally within the same principal language such as French Sign Language, LSF to spoken, French Spanish Sign Language LSE to spoken, Spanish, British Sign Language BSL to spoken, English and American Sign Language ASL, also to spoken English since BSL and ASL are completely distinct To each other, German Sign Language DGS to spoken, German and so on, Multilingual sign language interpreters, who can also translate as well across principal languages such as a multilingual interpreter interpreting a call from a deaf person using ASL to reserve a hotel room at a hotel. In the Dominican Republic, whose staff speaks Spanish only, therefore the interpreter has to utilize ASL spoken Spanish and spoken English to facilitate the call for the deaf person are also available, albeit less frequently. Such activities involve considerable mental processing. Efforts on the part of the translator, since sign languages are distinct natural languages with their construction, semantics, and syntax different from the aural version of the same principal language. With video interpreting sign language interpreters work remotely with live video and audio feeds, so that the interpreter can see the deaf or mute party and converse with the hearing party and vice versa. Much like telephone interpreting, video interpreting can be used for situations in which no on-site interpreters are available. However, video interpreting cannot be used for situations in which all parties are speaking via telephone alone. Vrs and VRI interpretation require all parties to have the necessary equipment. Some advanced equipment enables interpreters to control the video camera remotely to zoom in and out or to point the camera toward the party that is signing, Descriptive names, and terminology. The name videophone never became as standardized as its earlier counterpart telephone, resulting in a variety of names and terms being used worldwide and even within the same region or country. Videophones are also known as video phones, videotelephones, or video telephones, and often by an early trademarked name. Picturephone, which was the world’s, first, commercial videophone, was produced in volume. The compound name videophone slowly entered into general use after 1950, although video telephone likely entered the lexicon earlier after the video was coined in 1935. Videophone calls also video calls video chat, as well as Skype, and Skyping in verb form differ from videoconferencing in that they expect to serve individuals, not groups. However, that distinction has become increasingly blurred with technology improvements such as increased bandwidth and sophisticated software clients that can allow for multiple parties on a call In general everyday usage. The term videoconferencing is now frequently used instead of videocall for point-to-point calls between two units. Both videophone calls and videoconferencing are also now commonly referred to as video links. Webcams are popular, relatively low-cost devices that can provide live, video, and audio streams via personal computers and can be used with many software clients, for both video calls and videoconferencing. A videoconference system is generally higher cost than a videophone and deploys greater capabilities. A videoconference also known as a video teleconference, allows two or more locations to communicate via live, simultaneous, two-way: video and audio transmissions. This is often accomplished by the use of a multipoint control unit. A centralized distribution and call management system, or a similar non, centralized multipoint capability embedded in each videoconferencing unit. Again, technology improvements have circumvented traditional definitions by allowing multiple-party videoconferencing via web-based applications. A telepresence system is high-end. Videoconferencing systems and services usually employed by enterprise-level, corporate offices, and Telepresence conference rooms, use state-of-the-art room designs. Video cameras display sound systems and processors coupled with high to very high capacity bandwidth. Transmissions. Typical use of the various technologies described above includes calling or conferencing on a one-on-one to-many or many-to-many base for personal business, educational, deaf, Video Relay Services, and tele, medical, diagnostic, and rehabilitative use or services. New services utilizing video calling and videoconferencing, such as teachers and psychologists, conducting online sessions, personal videocalls to inmates incarcerated in penitentiaries, and videoconferencing to resolve airline engineering issues at maintenance facilities are being created or evolving on an ongoing basis. Other names for videophone that have been used in English are Viewphone the British Telecom equivalent to AT T’s Picturephone and videophone, a common French translation that has also crept into limited English usage, as well as over twenty less common names and expressions Latin-based translations Of videophone in other languages include vid, phone, French Bildtelefon, German videotelephony Italian, both vide fono and video tel fono Spanish, both bee’ld-tele-foon and video foot, Dutch and video for. A Catalan, A telepresence robot. Also, telerobotics is a robotically, controlled and motorized video conferencing display to help give a better sense of remote physical presence for communication and collaboration in an office home school, etc. When one cannot be there in person, The robotic avatar device can move about and look around at the command of the remote person. It represents Popular culture In science fiction, literature names commonly associated with videophones include tele-phono-scope, telephote, viewphone, vidphone, vidphone, and visi-phone. The first example was probably the cartoon Edison’s Telephonoscope by George du Maurier in Punch 1878 In many science fiction movies and TV programs that are set in the future. Videophones were used as a primary method of communication. One of the first movies where a videophone was used was Fritz Lang,’s Metropolis 1927. Other notable examples of videophones in popular culture include an iconic scene from the 1968 film 2001, A Space Odyssey set on Space Station V. The movie was released shortly before AT T began its efforts to commercialize its Picturephone Mod II service in several cities and depicts a video call to Earth using an advanced AT T, videophone, which it predicts will cost 1 70 for a two-minute call in 2001, a fraction Of the company’s real rates on Earth in 1968, Film, director Stanley Kubrick strove for scientific accuracy, relying on interviews with scientists and engineers at Bell Labs in the United States, Dr. Larry Rabiner of Bell Labs discussing videophone research in the documentary 2001. The Making of a Myth stated that, in the mid to late 1960s, videophones captured the imagination of the public and Of Mr. Kubrick and the people who reported to him In one 2001 movie scene a central character. Dr. Heywood Floyd calls home to contact his family, a social feature noted in the Making of a Myth, Floyd talks with and views his daughter from a space station in orbit above the Earth discussing what type of present he should bring home for her A portable videophone Is also featured prominently in the 2009 science fiction movie Moon, where the story’s protagonist Sam Bell, also calls home as well to communicate with loved ones Bell the lone occupant of a mining station on the far side of the Earth’s. Moon finally, succeeds in making his video call after an extended work period but becomes traumatized when viewing his daughter. Other popular science fiction stories with videophones include Space 1999 Star Trek Total Recall, Blade, Runner, and Firefly. The videophone was a staple everyday technology in the futuristic 1960s Hanna Barbera cartoon The Jetsons Other earlier. Examples of videophones in popular culture included a videophone that was featured in the Warner Bros cartoon Plane, Daffy, in which the female spy Hatta Mari used a video phone to communicate with Adolf Hitler 1944, as well as a device with the same functionality been used by the Comic strip character, Dick Tracy Called the’2 Way Wrist TV 39. The fictional detective often used the phone to communicate with police headquarters. 1964 1977 By the early 2010s, videotelephony, and videophones had become commonplace and unremarkable in various forms of media, in part due to their real and ubiquitous presence in common electronic devices and laptop computers. Additionally, TV programming increasingly utilized videophones to interview subjects of interest and to present live coverage by news correspondents via the Internet or by satellite links In the mass market media. The popular? U S TV talk, show hostess, Oprah Winfrey, incorporated videotelephony into her TV program regularly from May 21, 2009, with an initial episode called Where the Skype Are You as part of a marketing agreement with the Internet telecommunication company Skype. Additionally, videophones have been featured in E M Forster’s 1909 short story. The Machine Stops is set in a dystopian future in which, for the most part, human interaction has been reduced to communication via a kind of videoconferencing device called the speaking apparatus. The 1935 British sci-fi film, The Tunnel in which a videophone device termed a televisor, is in common use in the mid-20th century, several episodes of Thunderbirds 1965 66. These were shown to also have an audio-only setting, which was indicated by the words SOUND ONLY SELECTED being displayed on the screen, the British cartoon DangerMouse, where the title character regularly communicated with headquarters via videophones from both his home and his car 1981 1992. The movie Gremlins 2, The New Batch, where AT T’s VideoPhone 2500 prototypes, are visible: 1990, Lisa,’s Wedding, an episode of The Simpsons which depicted a Picturephone 1995. In the popular television series Pee Wee’s, Playhouse Pee, wee Herman, often made and received calls on a videophone-like magic screen,’1986 1990. The movie Back to the Future Part II, where the future Marty McFly is contacted by Needles, his coworker, and then by his boss, Mr. Fujitsu, via videophone 1989. The movie Demolition Man, where the action was referred to as fiber the movie Spaceballs, which used the potential intrusiveness to humorous effect, and the movie Aliens in the early scenes on the space station. The movie Seven Days in May made in 1964, in which the president of the United States uses a video phone shortly the early 1970s, and the novel Infinite Jest, where the videophone specifically the fall of the videophone is spoken of extensively in 1996. The animated television program Futurama, where the videophone is often used within the delivery service, spaceship 1999 2013 Teenage Mutant, Ninja Turtles, The Turtle Comm cellphone devices have video phones on them and are often used by the four mutant turtles to contact April O’Neil Shredder Krang Rocksteady and Bebop also use video phones on their cellphone devices. Reboot 1994 TV series Videophones are often used by Bob Dot Enzo and Megabyte to contact each other in the city Mainframe. The Pok mon anime series, where videophones were occasionally used: 2006 2011, a Beyonc Knowles pop single and music video called Video Phone from her album. I am Sasha Fierce 2008 See also 3GP and 3G2 H, 331 Information appliance List of video telecommunication services and product brands, Media phone, Mobile, VoIP Press videoconferencing, Project DIANE, a large: U S: Business and social services; videoconferencing, network, Smartphone, Telecollaboration, Teleconference Telephony, the ancestral technology! Teletraining? U S Soviet Space Bridge Visual communication, VROC Virtual Researcher on Call Web conferencing Notes, Bibliography, Santanu, Brahma, Axlator Communications, Audio, Video Telephony, Real-time updates and news about WebRTC technology and browser-based audio and video telephony Burns R, W Television, An International History of the Formative Years. In IEE Publication Series Institution of Electrical Engineers, Science, Museum, Great Britain, 1998 ISBN, 0, 85296, 914, 7, ISBN, 978, 0, 85296, 914, 4, Daly Edward, A Hansell, Kathleen, J, Visual Telephony, Artech House, Boston, 1999, ISBN, 1, 58053, 023, 0, ISBN, 978, 1, 58053, 023, 1, CIPD, HD9697, T452D35: 651: 7, 39, 3, dc21, Mulbach Lothar, Bocker, Martin Prussog Angela 1995 Telepresence in Video communications; A Study on Stereoscopy and Individual Eye Contact, Human Factors: 37, 2, 290, ISSN, 0018, 7208 Nellist, John G, Understanding, Telecommunications, And Lightwave Systems. An Entry Level Guide, John Wiley, and Sons, IEEE Press 2002, ISBN, 0, 471, 15032, 0, ISBN, 978, 0, 471, 15032, 9, Schnaars, Steve Wymbs, Cliff 2004 On The Persistence Of Lackluster Demand, The History Of The Video Telephone, Technological Forecasting, and Social Change. 71. 3. 197. 216. Doi. 10: 1016. S0040. 1625. 02. 00410. 9. Shepard Steven Videoconferencing, Demystified, Making Video Services Work, McGraw Hill, Professional 2002, ISBN, 0, 07, 140085, 0, ISBN, 978, 0, 07, 140085, 5, Stevenson, Bacon, W Amazing New Picturephone, A Step Closer to In Person Visits Popular Science June 1968. Pp. 46. 47 Valinder Anne, Like a window in your living room, Video mediated communication for extended families separated by space University of Gothenburg Department of Applied Information Technology, pp 6, 18 October 5, 2012 Web January 23, 2013, PDF, Wilcox, James R, Gibson David K, Video Communications, The Whole Picture Focal Press CMP Books, San Francisco, 2005 ISBN, 1, 57820, 316, 3, ISBN, 978, 1, 57820, 316, 1. Further reading Unsorted Greenberg Alan D, Taking the Wraps off Videoconferencing in the US Classroom, Wainhouse Research April 2009, Kopytoff Verne G Hewlett Packard, Sells Its Video Conferencing Business. The New York Times June 1, 2011, Lawlor Julia Videoconferencing From Stage Fright to Stage Presence The New York Times August 27, 1998, Lohr Steve As Travel Costs Rise. More Meetings Go Virtual. The New York Times July 22, 2008, Miller Claire Cain Logitech Buying a Maker Of Videoconference Tools. The New York Times November 11 2009 Miller Claire Cain Logitech Breaks Into Videoconferencing, The New York Times November 10, 2009, online and November 11 2009 in print p B3 Discusses the acquisition of LifeSize Communications, Millman Howard, The Videoconference as a Bicoastal Pas de Deux, The New York Times July 12, 2001, O’Brien Kevin Stranded, Travelers Turn to Videoconferencing. The New York Times April 19, 2010. The article discusses the increased use of videoconferencing due to the eruption of an Icelandic volcano which severely curtailed air travel for several months. Ramirez Anthony More Than Just a Phone Call Video Conferencing And Photocopies Too. The New York Times September 15 1993 Discusses the deployment of videoconferencing rooms in several hundred Kinkos locations. Shannon Victoria Videoconferencing,’s virtual leap forward, The New York Times August 29, 2007, Sharkey Joe. A Meeting in New York Can t We Videoconference The New York Times May 11 2009 online and in print on May 12, 2009, p, B6 of the New York edition Vance Ashlee Cisco Buys Norwegian Firm for 3 Billion, The New York Times October 1, 2009, online and October 2, 2009, in print p B7 Discusses the acquisition of Tandberg Wang, Ses, Open source tool, detects videoconferencing, equipment vulnerabilities, Help, Net Security, 17 February 2012, Wayner Peter Jerky Pictures and Sound Are History. Videoconferencing Is All Grown Up. The New York Times June 16 2005 General Adeshina Emmanuel In-Person Visits Fade as Jails Set Up Video Units for Inmates and Families. The New York Times website August 7, 2012, pg A15 of the New York Edition, Bajaj Vikas, Transparent Government Via Webcams in India. The New York Times July 18, 2011, pg B3 Published online July 17, 2011, Davis, Andrew W Weinstein Ira M The Business Case for Videoconferencing, Wainhouse Research March 2005, Fairlie Rik Skype Puts Video Calls on Your TV, The New York Times July 2, 2010, Hoffman Jan, When Your Therapist Is Only a Click Away. The New York Times September 25, 2011, pg ST1 Also published September 23, 2011, online at www nytimes com Miller, Hugh Videophones, The Real Problem, Archived from the original on 2002 06 16 Retrieved, 2002 06 16 CS1 maint BOT original url status, unknown link, Department of Social Sciences, Nottingham Trent University June 16, 2002, Discusses social issues related to video telephony. Perlroth Nicole Cameras May Open Up the Board Room to Hackers The New York Times online January 22. 2012. A version of this article appeared in print on January 23, 2012, on page B1 of the New York edition with the headline Conferences Via the Net Called Risky ProAV Magazine Being There ProAV Magazine November 7, 2008, Saint Louis Catherine, With Enough Bandwidth. Many Join The Band. The New York Times January 10, 2012, online January 11, 2012, in print New York Edition, pg, A1 Retrieved online January 11, 2012 Synopsis a look at the pros and cons of videotelephony used for private individual music. Lessons Steinberg Neil Dude, Where’s My Video Phone Forbes com website, October 15, 2007, Environmental benefits, Biello David, Can Videoconferencing, Replace Travel, Scientific American March 18, 2009, Coroama, V C et al Effects of Internet-Based Multiple Site Conferences on Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Telematics and Informatics 2011 Doi 10 1016 j, tele, 2011, 11, 006, Pachner Joanna The Next Best Thing to Being There: Toronto, The Globe, and Mail October 13, 2009. Historical and technical Ebel H, Subjective Assessment of Picture Interference in the Videophone in 4th International Symposium on Human Factors in Telephony, Bad Wiessee, Germany, September 23, 27 1968 Information, Gatekeepers Inc, pp 289, 298 Fischer K, Ebel H, Problems Of How To Position Users In Front Of The Videophone in 4th International Symposium on Human Factors in Telephony, Bad Wiessee, Germany, September 23, 27, 1968 Information, Gatekeepers, Inc, pp, 269, 282 Hall, A D Experiments with Picturephone Service in Bell Laboratories, RECORD 1964, Vol, 42, pp, 114, 120, Ives Herbert E Two Way. Television and a Pictorial Account of its Background in Bell Laboratories, Record 1930 Vol, 8 pp, 399, 404 and viewable online here, Ives Herbert E Picture Transmission and Television in Bell Labs, Quarterly April 1932, Vol 11, pp, 118, 142 Jaur, Francis Usage, Domestiques du Visiophone Technologies. De l. Information et Soci t 2 1990 pp, 89, 102, French Schunack Von Johannes Maly Rolf Die Fernseh Sprechtechnik in Fernseh, A G 10 Jahre Berlin, Hausmitteilungen Aus, Forshunsg Und Betrieb, Der Fernseh, Aktiengesellschaft July 1939, pp 138, 143, PDF, German Schulte, Olaf, A The Next Best Thing. To Being There Ein berblick Zu 25 Jahren Videokonferenzforschung An Overview of 25 years of videoconferencing, research in Medien, Kommunikations, wissenschaft, Baden, Baden, Hans, Bredow, Institut April 2002, pp 551, 570 PDF, German, External links, Debut of the First Picturephone 1970 video courtesy of AT T, Archives and History. Center Warren N J British Path, news clip Videophone 1970, a movie reel news, clip on the assembly and demonstration of a prototype British General Post Office,’ Viewphone’at Taplow Buckinghamshire February 1, 1970, video 1, 16 seconds length, TVTropes org Video Phone includes extensive lists of Videophones used in popular culture, Whirlpool Forums, Movies that feature videophones Finnish 1980s videophone development at YLE, El v, artists YLE, Living Archives, Histoire de la t. L vision includes numerous texts of proposals of vision apparatus at the end of the 19th century.

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